Thursday, November 28, 2019

Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Children with ADHD

Efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) refers to a set of intervention strategies devised to cause behavioral changes among children with ADHD symptoms or other similar conditions. As opposed to medical interventions, which involve the administration of medicinal drugs, CBT revolves around eradicating the negative behaviors exhibited by children suffering from the condition.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Children with ADHD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though skeptics maintain that CBT is a short-term intervention strategy, which is meant to cause short-term changes in behavior, research indicates that the coping skills imparted to individuals suffering from ADHD remain viable even after withdrawal of the interventions (Jarrett, 2013). CBT involves organizing sessions with the subjects in which coping strategies are trained to the b eneficiaries. This paper seeks to support the hypothesis that CBT is an effective intervention strategy in the treatment of ADHD through a review of the literature available on the topic. The research question is the efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy in children with ADHD. Components of CBT CBT can be performed in either an individual or a group setting depending on the characteristics of the clients. Ideally, an individualized CBT involves training each client separately and these sessions take shorter periods, usually 60 minutes (Cabiya et al., 2008). On the other hand, group therapies involve training the entire group simultaneously. Usually, these sessions last for longer periods, usually 90 minutes per session, to allow each client to comment on his or her personal experiences (Daley et al., 2015). In most cases, CBT is executed on both outpatient and inpatient basis. However, psychologists argue that the therapy produces better results when executed in an outpatient setti ng since it allows the counselor to understand the environment of the client. The interventions offered to clients vary from one individual to another depending on the intensity of the ADHD symptoms exhibited by that individual. Conversely, Ghafoori and Tracz (2001) recommend the following standardized interventions for all victims of ADHD Functional analysis of the symptoms Examining the patient’s cognitive processes The identification and debriefing of past and future high-risk situations Personalized training in coping with undesirable behaviors Practicing skills during sessions Encouraging and reviewing extra practice of skills between sessions The administration of CBT may vary from one group to the other depending on the severity of the symptoms and the anticipated end results from such interventions. However, a normal CBT involves daily 60 minutes sessions divided into three 20-minutes sub-sessions.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under the arrangement, each 20 minutes session centers on a special theme distinct from the themes of the subsequent sessions. The first 20-minutes session involves the identification of the patient’s negative behaviors and the practical difficulties experienced by the individual in implementing skills learned in the previous session. In this session, the client does much of the talking while the counselor listens carefully and poses various questions to gain insight on the perception of the beneficiary regarding the previous session (Ghafoori Tracz, 2001).  The counselor utilizes the next 20 minutes to introduce the topic of the day. In this session, contrary to the first session where the client does most of the talking, the therapist talks while the clients listen. In this phase, the counselor may pose questions to assess whether the client understood the presented theme in the first session. Repe tition of major concepts may be inevitable to ensure that the client understands the topic introduced. Some of the common topics that form the themes for this session include, but not limited to Coping with undesirable behaviors Shoring up motivation and a commitment to quit such behaviors Refusal skills/assertiveness Seemingly irrelevant decisions An all-purpose coping plan Problem solving Case management The last 20 minutes session is tailored towards igniting discussion between the client and the therapist guided by the topic introduced in the previous session. Towards the end of the session, the clients are asked to propose a theme of their choice to be explored in the next lesson. The Efficacy of CBT in children suffering from ADHD A research conducted by Abdollahian, Mokhber, Balaghi, and Moharrari (2013) reveals that CBT is effective both in the short run and in the long-term. The study was conducted quantitatively on children aged between seven and nine years. The study co nfirmed that children who received cognitive behavior treatment exhibited fewer symptoms of ADHD both in the short run and in the long-term. The study revealed that the skills acquired by the children in the sessions were relevant in the long term since the children’s behaviors were modeled entirely (Abdollahian et al. 2013). The results of the study concurred with that of Cabiya et al. (2008) in that children who received cognitive behavior treatment exhibited fewer symptoms of ADHD both in the short run and in the long-term. Breinholst, Esbjà ¸rn, Reinholdt-Dunne, and Stallard (2012) add to the data available on the efficiency of CBT in the treatment of ADHD through a review of the literature by different researchers. To qualify for inclusion, an article had to be a randomized controlled trial (RCT) making a comparison between child-only cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and CBT coupled with active parental involvement.Advertising We will write a custom research pape r sample on Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Children with ADHD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The majority of the articles reviewed in this study revealed that both child-only CBT and CBT combined with active parental involvement were equally effective in treating the condition.  Various studies concur that CBT is effective in the treatment of ADHD among children diagnosed with the condition. Cabiya et al. (2008) proved this theory from a quantitative research conducted on children aged between 8 and 13 years. The research recruited 608 children with ADHD symptoms drawn from either gender. The sample was divided into two research groups, viz. the treatment group, and the control group. Teachers were actively involved in the selection of children to be recruited in the study due to their outstanding knowledge they had regarding the children’s behaviors in the classroom. The study revealed that CBT was effective in the treatmen t of ADHD among children as it produced positive results on the treatment group as opposed to the control group. The treatment group showed great improvement regarding the notable behavioral changes through increased self-esteem and enhanced ability to share ideas. Chavira, Bustos, Garcia, Ng, and Camacho (2015) employed qualitative techniques to extract information from the target population, regarding their proposals on the best ways to avail CBT among children in Latin America. Phone calls were made to individual participants and suggestions from each participant recorded. Besides, interviews with parents of the children suffering from ADHD were conducted to gain insight into their perception regarding the effectiveness of CBT. The results showed that the parents perceived the therapy positively. Besides, most parents were of the opinion that the treatment was effective in containing the severity of the disease. However, parents cited the need to address specific issues hampering the effectiveness of the intervention method. Some of the barriers identified included time, convenience, and illiteracy.  Daley et al. (2015) analyzed research findings by different researchers documented in the available literature. Data collection was done quantitatively from various databases such as the Ovid, Web of Knowledge, ERIC, and CINAHAL. The study reviewed 32 articles containing evidence regarding the effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of ADHD. The reviewed articles contained findings from researches conducted on defined samples of children suffering from the illness. The research concluded that there is no direct connection between CBT and the reduction of symptoms. However, the intervention assists in averting undesirable behaviors associated with the illness.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study also established that training parents on the appropriate ways of handling their children’s behaviors would go a long way in averting the negative behaviors.  Some researchers have based their studies on the evidence available in the literature to prove the hypothesis that CBT is an effective cure for ADHD amongst children. Fabiano et al. (2009) conducted a meta-analysis of 174 articles exploring the topic on CBT with the aim of comparing the recommendations by different authors. The studies to be reviewed in this research had to meet certain inclusion criteria, viz. they had to be based on children yet to join the school. The reviewed studies involved both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The review revealed that children who received CBT were more likely to respond positively to behavioral changes than their counterparts who did not receive the therapy. In almost all the studies reviewed, children involved showed improvements in behavior, thus prompting the researchers to conclude that CBT is an effective treatment procedure for children with disruptive behaviors. Fehlings, Roberts, Humphries, and Dawe (1991) also proved the effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of ADHD. The authors conducted research on a sample of 25 children aged between 7 and 13 years. The study was conducted quantitatively whereby the participants were divided into two groups with the treatment group receiving CBT while the control group received supportive therapy. The results of the findings revealed that CBT was effective in the treatment of ADHD among children. It was successful in eliminating the undesirable behaviors amongst the participants. Parents and teachers reported great changes in the children’s behaviors that were characterized by the elimination of undesirable actions. Similarly, Jarrett (2013) proved the effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of ADHD. The author designed a research to target children with ADH D symptoms aged between 8 and 12 years. Parents of the participating children were also recruited into the study. They were afforded some training regarding CBT to handle their children’s behavior back at home effectively. Interventions in this research involved ten sessions each week in which parents and their children were engaged separately for 50 minutes and 30 minutes respectively. The research sought to unravel the effectiveness of CBT in reducing both anxiety and ADHD symptoms. The results revealed a great reduction in both anxiety and ADHD symptoms among the participating children. This aspect indicated that the therapy is an effective treatment method for both conditions. Klassen, Miller, Raina, Lee, and Olsen (1999) carried out research on a sample of 999 children below 18 years with participants being grouped into three groups. CBT was availed to the first group. The second group received medical treatment alone while the final group received both treatments. The r esearch was conducted quantitatively to compare the efficacy of the mentioned interventions. Contrary to findings by most researchers in this field, the researchers found that CBT alone was not effective in the treatment of ADHD. The research proposed a combination of both interventions if the desired results are to be obtained. Children who received both treatments concurrently recorded a huge decrease in the ADHD symptoms as compared to their counterparts who received either CBT or medical treatment alone. The research disputed findings by other researchers who have found CBT as an effective treatment method for the condition.  Another significant contribution to the evidence on efficacy of CBT was made by Kerns, Read, Klugman, and Kendall (2013) based on findings from a qualitative research conducted on a sample of 91 children with developmental disorders including children suffering from ADHD. The study availed two forms of treatment to the beneficiaries, viz. CBT treatment, a nd waitlist treatment condition. CBT involved engaging the participants in daily sessions aimed at eliminating the undesirable behaviors exhibited by children suffering from the condition. Results from the research showed that both interventions were successful in reducing anxiety among victims of ADHD. Besides, the results indicated a great change in behavior of the participants illustrating the effectiveness of CBT as a treatment strategy.  In another study, Moreno-Garcà ­a, Delgado-Pardo, de Rey, Meneres-Sancho, and Servera-Barcelà ³ (2015) found CBT as an effective intervention strategy for the treatment of ADHD among children. The research was conducted on a sample of children to determine the effectiveness of the three ADHD intervention strategies, viz. neurofeedback, pharmacological treatment, and behavioral therapy. The study recruited 57 participants selected randomly from children with symptoms of the illness. The participants were aged between 7 and 14 years. They wer e picked randomly to obtain the three treatments plans. Records regarding each patient’s progress were maintained, and medical practitioners involved in the research were required to report on all the observable changes. Results of the study indicated that the three types of interventions produced similar results regarding behavior change. Therefore, the research team concluded that each of the three interventions were effective for the treatment of ADHD among children.  Ozsivadjian, Knott, and Magiati (2012) conducted a qualitative research to gain insight on the parents’ perception regarding their children’s behaviors. Parents participating in the study cited certain undesirable behaviors exhibited by their children such as reluctance to engage in social relations, repetitive behaviors, somatic problems and concentration deficiency among others (Ozsivadjian et al., 2012). Besides, parents expressed their children’s reluctance in sharing ideas with oth ers for fear of being victimized. However, most parents emphasized the undesirable behaviors by their children, which heightened their dependence on others. The high dependence was attributable to the view that the children perceive that their counterparts are only focusing on the negative side, thus creating anxiety. Since the ADHD is compounded by such negative perception by children, CBT could be useful in modeling the victims’ behaviors, thus alleviating the negative behaviors. Webster-Stratton, Reid, and Beauchaine (2011) investigated the effects of encouraging parents and guardians to embrace non-punishment strategies when attempting to alter their children’s behaviors. The research recruited parents and children to participate in the training that centered on behavioral change. Data was collected through interviews coupled with questionnaires. Ninety-nine (99) children aged between four and six years were recruited to the program with the sample being divided in to two groups, viz. the treatment and the control groups. The study combined both qualitative and quantitative techniques to collect data regarding behavioral changes from the participants before and after interventions. Parents were then asked to report on the changes notable on their children’s behaviors following the interventions afforded by both the guardians and the researchers. Most parents reported significant changes regarding hyperactive, oppositional, and aggressive behavioral problems that were prevalent among the kids before the interventions. Additionally, the reports indicated that the children’s confidence level had improved significantly following the behavioral interventions afforded by the researchers in partnership with the parents.  Young (2012) found that CBT was effective in averting undesirable behaviors among children suffering from ADHD. The study recruited 68 children with symptoms of ADHD who were not under any form of medication at the ti me of the study. The participants were aged between 14 and 18 years.   The research invoked both quantitative and qualitative methods whereby all the participants received CBT in six consecutive phases. Interviews were used to collect data from children and parents to supplement data collected through observations and the questionnaires. Various stakeholders were given a questionnaire on which they were to record behavioral changes on each child upon the completion of each stage of CBT interventions. The research escalated with the parents and teachers reporting positive changes in the participating children’s behaviors. The children also displayed some improvements in their self-esteem levels. Conclusion CBT is an intervention strategy that aims at altering the behaviors of an individual in place of administering medicinal drugs. Literature reviewed in this paper reveals that CBT is an effective treatment intervention strategy for children suffering from ADHD. The studies reviewed in this article are based on quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, and they all concur that CBT is an effective treatment strategy for the condition. However, the studies recommend further research on the topic using a larger sample to fill gaps in the available findings. References Abdollahian, E., Mokhber, N., Balaghi, A., Moharrari, F. (2013). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children aged 7–9 years. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 5(1), 41-46. Breinholst, S., Esbjà ¸rn, H., Reinholdt-Dunne, L., Stallard, P. (2012). CBT for the treatment of child anxiety disorders: A review of why parental involvement has not enhanced outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(3), 416-424. Cabiya, J., Padilla-Cotto, L., Gonzà ¡lez, K., Sanchez-Cestero, J., Martà ­nez-Taboas, A., Sayers, S. (2008). Effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for Puerto Ric an children. Inter-American Journal of Psychology, 42(2), 195-202. Chavira, A., Bustos, E., Garcia, S., Ng, B., Camacho, A. (2015). Delivering CBT to Rural Latino Children with Anxiety Disorders: A Qualitative Study. Community Mental Health Journal, 5(7), 1-9. Daley, D., Van der Oord, S., Ferrin, M., Danckaerts, M., Doepfner, M.,†¦Sonuga-Barke, J. (2015). The impact of behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials across multiple outcome domains. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2(6), 5-36. Fabiano, A., Pelham, E., Coles, K., Gnagy, M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., O’Connor, B. (2009). A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(2), 129-140. Fehlings, L., Roberts, W., Humphries, T., Dawe, G. (1991). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Does Cognitive Behavioral T herapy Improve Home Behavior. Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, 12(4), 223-228. Ghafoori, B., Tracz, S. (2001). Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Reducing Classroom Disruptive Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis. Web. Jarrett, M. (2013). Treatment of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety in children: processes of change. Psychological Assessment, 25(2), 545-47. Kerns, M., Read, L., Klugman, J., Kendall, P. (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with social anxiety: differential short and long-term treatment outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(2), 210-215. Klassen, A., Miller, A., Raina, P., Lee, K., Olsen, L. (1999). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and youth: a quantitative systematic review of the efficacy of different management strategies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44(10), 1007-1016. Moreno-Garcà ­a, I., Delgado-Pardo, G., de Rey, V., Meneres-Sancho, S., Servera-Barcelà ³, M. (2015). Neur ofeedback, pharmacological treatment and behavioral therapy in hyperactivity: multilevel analysis of treatment effects on electroencephalography. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7(4), 75-99. Ozsivadjian, A., Knott, F., Magiati, I. (2012). Parent and child perspectives on the nature of anxiety in children and young people with autism spectrum disorders: a focus group study. Autism, 16(2), 107-121. Webster-Stratton, H., Reid, J., Beauchaine, T. (2011). Combining parent and child training for young children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 40(2), 191-203. Young, M. (2012). Is behavioral intervention an alternative medicine in childhood/adolescent ADHD? (Doctoral dissertation). Web. This research paper on Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Children with ADHD was written and submitted by user JackPower to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Graduate Essay example

The Graduate Essay example The Graduate Essay example Anthony Smith Lit. 231 The Graduate 10/14/14 Water, the world’s best solvent The 1967 film â€Å"The Graduate† undeniably contains many themes throughout its story line. The powerful themes it contains and clever filming style is still being referred to and talked about today, almost fifty years later. Director Mike Nichols displays his creative talent and knowledge of film by making true movie magic that ultimately led to his winning an Academy Award. Nichols clever mind is to thank for making â€Å"The Graduate† the box office smash that it was, launching Dustin Hoffman’s career at the same time. One of the most prominent themes found within this film is the use of water. As Dustin Hoffman’s character Benjamin changes, the way in which water is seen changes as well, becoming a character all its own. The first scene in which water makes a powerful statement is early on in the movie when Ben is finally home from college. He is sitting in his room relaxing and thinking about his unclear future. His controlling and smothering parents have thrown Ben a lavish graduation party he clearly wants nothing to do with. In the room is a large fish tank and at the bottom there is a little man dressed in scuba gear for decoration blowing bubbles. As we see Ben in this shot sitting in front of the tank, it looks as though his head is actually in the tank, alluding to how Ben is feeling. His parents are making him feel trapped and smothering him by inviting all of these people over to their home. One might say Ben can relate to the little man in the tank, by being made to feel the same way. During Bens summer break he spends a lot of time in the backyard making use of the pool. This is one of the more subtle uses of water in the film. It may seem that Ben is enjoying himself and relaxing but after a closer examination one might think differently. Much like his unclear future, Ben is simply going through the motions not knowing what he wants to do or where he might end up. This is repre sented by his floating around aimlessly on a raft. One of the most powerful scenes involving water also takes place at the pool. Once again

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Business Administration class Internal Analysis Essay

Business Administration class Internal Analysis - Essay Example The mission and vision statements of StilSim Company requires the company to acquire respect in the existing market through providing the best or quality services and going the extra mile to meet the clients’ requirements. This mission statement acts as a guide as it states the positions and expectations of StilSim Company. StilSim accomplishes its mission by adopting strategies such as developing long lasting relationships with its clients, exceeding productivity standards, adoption of the best and cheapest strategies, and developing synergistic teamwork within the organization. Furthermore, they also incorporate their core values in ensuring that their mission and vision are realized. These core values are professionalism and integrity other values include leveraging technology, innovation, and teamwork to satisfy customers, decisiveness and embracing growth opportunities and setting meaningful goals (StilSim Personnel , n.d.) StilSim Company envisions itself as being the best in the region. This goal is to be realized in the next three years. The company plans to train it current workforces to use new tools to satisfy his customers’ demands, and improve on it internal communication strategy. These two are the main point for which the company banks on. However, the company is strategizing on various ways of motivating its performing employees. This tool is mainly used companies to evaluate the existing strengths and weaknesses within a business. It serves as a strategic management tool for identification and evaluation of all function areas within an organization. Moreover, it gives an actual picture of how functional business areas relate to each other. There are strengths that facilitate the existence and performance of any organization. StilSim has been operational for more than twenty years. This can be directly attributed to the company’s long history of providing good services to customers. The quality

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Court Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Court Assignment - Essay Example These proceedings were held in private. This as suggested by Caren (135) could be partly because of the sensitive and confidential nature of information shared during the proceedings. This divorce case was presided over by a family court judge. It was apparent during the hearing that the members of the family court have appropriate training on how to handle the emotional nature of such cases. During the proceedings, the couple had children who were to be questioned with regard to the parent they prefer to take care of them. The judge determined that the children should stand away from the presence of the court audience during questioning. From questioning results, the judge determined that the mother was the best suited parent to take care of the children. However, this did not impede the father from visiting his children. The court established visitation rights with certain conditions for the father to receive. The judge did set child support for the father primarily because he d id not have managing conservatory or rather custody over the children. A condition was also set for the father pertaining to changes in his income such that his support to children was to be subject to change

Monday, November 18, 2019

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 42

Philosophy - Essay Example Rationalism believes that knowledge is innate or inborn while learning results from intuition (Lawhead 15). It supports the Priori knowledge idea that states that knowledge comes before experience. Philosophers that support this argument include Leibniz, Kant and Descartes. Conversely, empiricism states that knowledge comes from experience (Lawhead 56). Empiricism supports the idea of posteriori that means that knowledge is dependent solely on experience. Philosophers including Humes, Locke and Berkeley support this idea (Lawhead 59). According to rationalism, all knowledge is considered to be innate. In other words, we are born with the knowledge to think logically and answer questions. Rationalism tends to be similar to mathematics in so many ways hence requires no knowledge or observation. One of the philosophers that strongly support rationalism is Descartes. He was quite interesting as he employed skepticism to doubt his own knowledge. He doubted everything until he found a single idea that he could not doubt (Lawhead 61). This was his existence. He argued that he could not depend on his senses as there was a demon controlling his thoughts. It can be concluded that Descartes doubted everything but his existence. Being able to think logically and knowing his existence made the argument sound and valid. Rationalism states that all knowledge comes from the mind. It is concerned with absolute truths that are universally accepted. This is known to be one of the strongest points of this argument (Lawhead 67). This approach encourages all individuals to be rational thinkers and think things through before they accept them to be the truth. On the other hand, it is difficult to apply in every situation in life owing to its abstract nature. Moreover, it sidelines intuition and instinct that are forms of knowledge. We must have experienced something to know that it exists. How can we know

Friday, November 15, 2019

The Corruption In Turkey Politics Essay

The Corruption In Turkey Politics Essay In this report you can read about the corruption in Turkey. The purpose of this report is to show you where corruption in Turkey is taking place and how the Turkish government is fighting it. In chapter two youll find general information about Turkey. The corruption in Turkey, entitled Ergenekon, is described in chapter three. In chapter four the corruption in Turkey is being linked with one of the four syndromes described by Michael Johnston. The conclusion of this report can be found in chapter five. Turkey, as a successor of the Ottoman Empire, is a republican parliamentary democracy established in 29th October 1923 by Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal was honoured in 1934 by the Turkish citizens with the title of Ataturk, the Father of the Turks. Although Istanbul is the biggest and wealthiest city in Turkey, Ankara was chosen as the capital city of Turkey by Ataturk. Furthermore, Turkey has eighty-one provinces. In 28th August 2007 Abdullah Gul was elected president of Turkey by the National Assembly. A day later he appointed Recep Tayip Erdogan as the Prime Minister of Turkey. Just after two months, 21th October 2007, they successfully set with Turkey the next step towards democracy. In the future the president is going to be elected directly and not by the National Assembly. Going back in time, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community in 1964. In 2005, with Abdullah Gul and Recep Tayip Erdogan, Turkey began accession membership talks with the European Union. Tu rkey is a member of the UN since 1945 and also a member of the NATO since 1952.  [1]   2.1 Population In July 2009 the population of Turkey was estimated 76,8 million. Two-third of the population was estimated between the age of fifteen and sixty-five. More than twenty-seven percent of the population was estimated below the age of fifteen and more than six percent was estimated above the age of sixty-five. In 2008 the urban population of Turkey was estimated around seventy percent of the population. The majority of the Turkish population is Turkish, estimated around seventy-five percent in 2008. Eight-teen percent of the population was estimated Kurdish. With a minority figure the Arabs, Turkmen, Circassians and Greeks are also present in Turkey.  [2]  The EU issued in 2005 that Turkey didnt sufficiently guarantee the freedom of expression in line with the European Convention of Human Rights towards the minorities. According to article 301 of the Turkish Constitution, an insult to Turkish people is no longer used systematically to restrict freedom of expression. It is that articl e which the EU found not sufficient enough. The EU are of the opinion that Turkey must take more measures in line with the European Convention of Human Rights towards the minorities.  [3]  Next to that, most of the people in Turkey are Sunni Muslim. 2.2 Economy In Turkey the state is a major participant in basic industry, banking, transport and communication sector. Textile and clothing are the largest industrial sectors in Turkey. Today thirty percent of the eligible population is employed in the traditional agriculture. At the moment, the most notable progress in the Turkish economy is the rising of the automotive and electronic industries. That is a sign that the Turkish economy is modernizing. The GPD of Turkey grew between 2002 and 2007 with an average of six percent. Despite the strong economy, the GDP in 2008 grew with zero point nine percent and it was decreased in 2009 with five point nine percent, a thirty-four year record low. Explanation for that is the high account deficit en high external debts. The government of Turkey expects with further economic and judicial reforms and prospective EU membership to boost their economy with foreign investors. However, the global financial crisis in 2009 didnt affect the Turkish financial ma rkets. In their history, Turkey experienced in 2001 a financial crises. In that year Turkey implemented reforms in the banking sector which protected them from the global financial crisis in 2009. At the moment Turkeys future doesnt look so bright. The economical experts are expecting a decline in the export sector and because of the current political crisis, al lot of foreign and intern companies are afraid to invest in the Turkish economy. With an estimated GDP worth of 861,6 billion Euros in 2009, Turkey is ranked eighteenth compared to the other countries.  [4]  The top three of that same list is, respectively, dominated by the EU, the United States and China. 2.3 Military In October 2005 a National Security Policy Document was adopted by the Turkish government. That document increased the role of the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) concerning the internal security of the state. Today the TSK leadership plays a key role in politics and considers itself the guardian of Turkeys secular state. They demonstrated their power sever times after the adoption of the National Security Policy Document. For example, in April 2007 they warned the ruling party about any pro-Islamic appointments. They are also responsible for limiting the progress of establishing a civilian supremacy over the military, which started in October 2005 after the Turkish government started to negotiate with the EU. The EU is of the opinion that the military power of Turkey must first decrease if Turkey wants to join the EU. The TSK has also been taken an international peacekeeping responsibilities and they took charge of a NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) command in Afghanis tan in April 2007. Furthermore, the Turkish military forces adopted an Aerospace and Missile Defence Concept in 2002 which set new priorities. The priorities included attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure and establishing a sustainable command and control system. The affects of the Aerospace and Missile Defence Concept looked promising in 2008.  [5]   2.4 Corruption In December 2007 Turkey started, with the help of the European Union and the Council of Europe, the project on Ethics for the Prevention of Corruption in Turkey (TYEC) for a term of two years.  [6]  This project is funded by the European Union and by the Council of Europe. It is implemented by the Council of Europes Directorate of Co-operation. The projects main counterpart institution is the Council of Ethics for Public Service at the Prime Ministry of Turkey. In recent years the Turkish Government has taken a number of important steps in combating corruption. The country ratified the Council of Europes Civil and Criminal Law Conventions against Corruption in 2003 and 2004 respectively and joined the Councils Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) in January 2004. Moreover, in June 2004 the Council of Ethics for the Public Service was established and in 2005 the Regulation on the Principles of Ethical Behaviour for Public Officials, the Code of Ethics, was adopted. Despite t hese steps, corruption remains a serious concern for the people of Turkey. The Turkish authorities acknowledge that corruption is a priority issue requiring comprehensive and serious counter-measures.  [7]  The project will assist Turkey with their efforts in preventing corruption by supporting the implementation of specific measures, and provide support to other related reforms. The TYEC project has four main aims: Support the implementation of the Code of Ethics across the public administration in line with GRECO recommendations; Develop codes of ethics for other categories of officials or holders of public office; Develop systems of monitoring the effectiveness of prevention and other anti-corruption measures; Ensure and enhance coordination of anti-corruption measures. The corruption in Turkey is the continuing interference of judicial and military power in Turkish executive and legislative powers. This is problematic if viewed with historical hindsight. The weakness of the boundaries that divide Turkish powers seems to be confirmed by the Ergenekon trial, which saw more than three-hundred personalities involved in conspiracies aimed at weakening the government and possibly leading to a coup detat. 3. Ergenekon The state is not necessarily innocent, and the people convicted of crimes with political repercussions in the past may well be victims of a deep state operation. That is the main lesson Turkey has learned from the current Ergenekon investigation. The investigation itself is already related to several murders and terrorist attacks of the recent past. Analysts claim that the state and the relationship of the state organs with the society, terrorist organizations and the mafia will create a valuable opportunity to mobilize the public.  [8]  It will also create a political will and determination to reopen old dossiers filled with unsolved crimes and presumably victimized convicts. Allegations that the Ergenekon terrorist organization was behind two attacks, the Council of State attack in 2006 and bombs thrown at the headquarters of the Cumhuriyet Daily in the same year, ascribed to a certain segment of society, have changed the entire view to analyze politically influential crimes. I n this chapter I try to show you the link between Ergenekon and the corruption they caused on the fields of politics, economics and military. First I start with the describing a few cases. 3.1 Crime dossiers The Turkish history is full of crime dossiers, either left open or whose closure was disputed.  [9]  Starting from the infamous Sheikh Said Revolt of 1925, passing through to the Dersim Massacres of 1937-1938, the Taksim Square killings of May, 1977, the serial murders of secular-minded intellectuals in 1990 and more resentful and sophisticated attacks on symbolic names and institutions, question marks were left in the consciousnesses of the people. One reason was the inconceivability of state involvement in these crimes. The army, which still places first in public surveys of the most respected institutions, was not only beyond reproach, it was also unthinkable, unperceivable and unpronounceable to claim that army officers were committing crimes, not for the sake of the country, but for their own and evil interests. Now that the Ergenekon investigation has proven that Turkish officers are not sanctified angels and that they are judicable, detainable, liable to interrogation and arrest, that perplexed public consciousness is asking whether those old dossiers can be reopened and reinvestigated with this new framework in mind. The Istanbul chief prosecutor already announced that Ergenekon suspects would be trailed for their involvement in the Council of State attack of May, 2006, an attack which left a judge dead, and in the throwing of hand grenades at the headquarters of Cumhuriyet Daily. It is suggested that the indictment and subsequent court decision will influence the open cases and may also induce a reopening of closed ones. On top of the list of reopening closed cases are the murder of Necip HablemitoÄÅ ¸lu, the Gazi neighborhood events, the murder of ÃÆ'-zdemir SabancÄ ±, the murder of General EÃ…Å ¸ref Bitlis, the murder of UÄÅ ¸ur Mumcu and the murders that took place in the AdapazarÄ ±-Ä °zmit-Sapanca triangle. The Ergenekon decision will also influence the Ä °brahim Çiftà §i case, already waiting for th e Ergenekon trial to be finalized. Çiftà §i was killed in 2006 in a bombing soon after he confessed to a prosecutor that he killed HablemitoÄÅ ¸lu. The influence of the Ergenekon investigation wont wait for the prosecutors to open some of the older dossiers on their own. Already there are several criminal complaints about detainees of the Ergenekon terrorist organization from the relatives of lost and murdered people. Families of Serdar TanÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸, a Peoples Democratic Party Silopi district deputy and Ebubekir Deniz already filed a complaint about Brigadier General Levent Ersà ¶z, who is still being sought and is said to have left for Russia before the last round of Ergenekon related detentions. The two were detained by the TSK seven years ago and were never heard from again. Relatives of the people killed during the Gazi incidents of 1995 also filed a complaint recently about Osman Gà ¼rbà ¼z, who was arrested during the Ergenekon investigation. The Peoples Democratic Party was banned from the society and therefore doesnt exists anymore. 3.2 Politics Avni ÃÆ'-zgà ¼rel, a columnist writing on Turkeys recent history is not optimistic. He thinks no one would be happier if real the perpetrators of certain political crimes were revealed.  [10]  Look at the Ä °pekà §i murder. There is already an understanding that this was the job of nationalists. If this explanation proves incorrect, we will lose the entire paradigm. The society may be ready for this, but the state is not, he told Sundays Zaman. According to ÃÆ'-zgà ¼rel, the state is happy with the current state of what is known. Further investigation would not be well received within the state. The state would be ready to claim some of the murders if they were really committed for the sake of the state or the country; But what if an investigation reveals that the real reason was of a financial nature? What if notions like state and nation were used as a disguise for personal interests? he asked. ÃÆ'-zgà ¼rel is not hopeful for the results of the Ergenekon investigat ion and hence does not want to attach additional hopes to it. There is a political will in Turkey, but politics is a politics of bargaining. The AK Party is dealing with a closure case and no one knows what will happen with the Ergenekon investigation if the AK Party is closed. Look at the constitutional amendments on the headscarf issue. There was a political will there, but it didnt help. We should wait and see whether this investigation will reach a meaningful end, he explained. Mithat Sancar, a professor of law at Ankara University, agrees that the Ergenekon investigation is an opportunity to confront the dark past.  [11]  However, he thinks that neither the government nor the courts can do this. The political government will understandably deal with what it sees necessary for its own political interests. Prosecutors and judges are in no position to start an investigation into the events of the past on their own. Such an investigation necessitates a mobilization of democrati c circles, especially the democratic left wing which has traditionally fought with militarism and the deep state, he told Sundays Zaman. According to Sancar, public control over the legal and political processes is also important to guarantee that the political government does not enter into the mistake of bargaining. 3.3 The influence of the military Ergenekon prosecutor Zekeriya ÃÆ'-z is claimed to have came upon significant information about the murder of assistant professor HablemitoÄÅ ¸lu in 2002. ÃÆ'-z is claimed to have received strong evidence that Brigadier Geneneral Veli Kà ¼Ãƒ §Ãƒ ¼k, the prime suspect of the Ergenekon investigation, was involved in the abduction and killing of several Kurdish businessmen in the AdapazarÄ ±-Izmit-Sapanca area within the first six months of 1994.  [12]  The influence of the Ergenekon investigation on a confrontation with historical crimes was not always direct and organic.  [13]  The fact that the KahramanmaraÃ…Å ¸ Massacre, in which over 100 Alevis were killed by alleged nationalists in December 1978, the murder of journalist Abdi Ipekà §i on February 1979, the murder of frontrunner nationalist Gà ¼n Sazak in May 1980 and the Çorum Massacre of twenty-six, unofficially fifty-six, Alevis paved the way for the military coup of 1980 is showing signs towards t hat direction. The link between these events and the Ergenekon terrorist organization doesnt have to be organic. The fact that the existence of a terrorist organization that penetrated into state organs, including the army, and conspired to stage violent coups gives enough material to rethink the KahramanmaraÃ…Å ¸, Ipekà §i, Sazak and Çorum incidents.  [14]  It has to be kept in mind that the prime suspects of the Ergenekon organization were already colonels in the army in the run-up to the 1980 coup and that their involvement in these events may have been more than learning a lesson. In Turkey it is already felt that the plans of the Ergenekon terrorist organization is pushing the country into a period of unrest in order to legitimize a military intervention. Next to that, former military judge ÃÅ"mit KardaÃ…Å ¸ thinks that the political will that would confront the dark events of the past should have been powerful enough to confront Turkeys recent problems, such as the Kurdish issue.  [15]  The prosecution needs to have special support from not only the government but also from the media and the society, he told Sundays Zaman. According to him, the AK Party was and still is strong enough to give that support but, considering previous opportunities lost, there is not enough evidence to be hopeful of its support. It has lost a major opportunity in Ã…Å ¾emdinli. We also dont know whether the AK Party will be closed or not nor what will happen to the Ergenekon investigation if the party is closed. The investigation in itself is an opportunity, but there are reasons to be pessimistic that this opportunity will also be lost, he explained. 3.4 Finances Former mayor of Istanbuls Esenyurt district Gà ¼rbà ¼z Çapan, who is also currently under arrest on charges of being a financer of Ergenekon, was once offered immunity from arrest in Turkey by Ergenekon suspect retired General Veli Kà ¼Ãƒ §Ãƒ ¼k, according to claims of Bertan Zà ¼laoÄÅ ¸lu and Ã…Å ¾erafettin Dà ¼z, who served as the former deputy mayor and an aide to Çapan, respectively, during his term as head of the Esenler municipality.  [16]  Ãƒâ€¡apan was being sought as a suspect in a major corruption operation carried out by the TSK into various municipalities, including Esenler, when he was abroad in Germany. He also owns ten percent of the shares of Cumhuriyet Daily and is currently being charged with financing Ergenekon. Çapan was established as a suspect in the Ergenekon investigations when it became clear that he had meetings with Ergenekon suspects DoÄÅ ¸u Perinà §ek, leader of the neo-nationalist Workers Party and Kemal ÃÆ'-zden, hea d of the Nationalist Industrialists and Businessmens Association. Furthermore, prosecutor Zekeriya ÃÆ'-z, who is the chief prosecutor on the Ergenekon case, has frequently been target of various smear campaigns directed from different segments of society. AydÄ ±nlÄ ±k, Cumhuriyet and Sà ¶zcà ¼ newspapers claimed that in 1998, when ÃÆ'-z served in the Çine district of AydÄ ±n, he tried to extort money from businessman Mehmet Ocak. Metin Uyar, the former head of the Çine Industrial Zone and Ahmet KeleÃ…Å ¸, president of the Çine Drivers and Motorists Chamber, denied any truth to those allegations. The future will hopefully tell us more about the link between Ergenekon and the corruption they caused on the field of economy. Popular history writer AyÃ…Å ¸e Hà ¼r thinks the Ergenekon gang has a distinctive ideological position.  [17]  The ideological tools of the organization are yet to be revealed. So far this has been an operation against a criminal gang, she told Sundays Zaman. According to her, as long as the ideological tools have not been revealed, it is almost impossible to disclose the link between criminal actions of the Ergenekon organization and the earlier political crimes. For that we need a stronger will. Political will is not enough, she said. According to her, the society is not ready for a full-fledged cleansing and there is no real consensus on the nature of the threat. The opposition of the AK Party is undervaluing the operation, whereas we should have dealt with the facts and not with who said what, she explained. 4. The four syndromes According to Michael Johnston, established democracies tend to have mature market economies in which liberalization is largely considered. He also states that there are also reforming democratic societies in which political competition is still emerging or undergoing significant change. Furthermore, he describes that there are countries who are undergoing major transitions in politics and economics. He noted that Turkey is an example of such country. Last, but not least, Johnston also describes that there are undemocratic regimes who are by definition marked by political opportunities. Johnston links those societies with four syndromes: Influence Markets, Elite Cartels, Oligarchs and Clans and Official Moguls. Below you can see a table with an overview  [18]  . In the recent years Turkey made a huge progress in reforming its democracy and economy. That is the reason I agree with Johnston that the corruption in Turkey can be described with the Elite Cartels syndrome. The stronger the economical and state institution, the lesser corruption occurs according to Johnston. In the syndrome Influence Markets the corruption will most likely seen in the economical system. Johnston also recognizes that the stronger a constitution is, the bigger the chance will be that such institution will abuse its power by sealing deals with other powerful institutions. In this chapter you can read what the Elite Cartels syndrome is according to Johnston and why Turkey can be linked with this syndrome. I will close this chapter with the Turkish governments point of view about its future. The other two syndromes have similar corruption cases, but it is likely that in undemocratic regimes the corruption is bigger than in transitional regimes. 4.1 Elite Cartels syndrome In the Elite Cartels syndrome, the corruption is of defensive nature, protecting existing economic, political or policy advantages. Corruption is conducted through networks and elite parties, sometimes seeking each other to become allies for a greater purpose. Looking back to chapter three, Ergenekon can be seen as a network who is extremely powerful. They are powerful because they have, as it is determined by the prosecutors, economical, political and policy advantages. While these advantages are decreasing, still no one really knows how big Ergenekon is. Therefore the power of Ergenekon cannot be underestimated. Prove was found, and mentioned in chapter three, that in the past Ergenekon could operate freely and successfully. Many cases were closed without a legitimate reason and political parties were banned from the society. The AK Party was also close to getting banned from the society. The fact that the closure of the AK Party failed determines the moderate power of the state an d its capacity. 4.2 The governments point of view We hope the shroud of mist over the facts will be dissipated with this operation. We want the Ergenekon indictment to be completed as soon as possible, stated ErdoÄÅ ¸an.  [19]  ErdoÄÅ ¸an also said during his parliamentary group meeting that his ruling AK Party is the only address for Turkeys full membership in the European Union. He noted that Ataturks goal of reaching a higher level of civilization equals integration with the modern world. By making that note he wants to drive his country towards mature democratic society.However, some circles cannot stand democracy in Turkey. Whenever Turkey attempts to stand on its own feet, whenever it musters up its strength, these circles put hurdles before it. The basis of Turkish politics lies in a struggle between those in favour of Turkeys development and those who oppose it. While some want Turkey to become a global power, others want the preservation of the status quo in the country, he stated. With that statement, ErdoÃ⠀žÃ… ¸an confirms the fact that corruption in turkey is of defensive nature. ErdoÄÅ ¸an also noted that a movement which isnt in harmony with the fundamental principles of the constitutional order and which doesnt act in harmony with the basic characteristics of the republic will not be successful in Turkey. With that note ErdoÄÅ ¸an points his finger to the economical and political reforms his government made in the recent years and that Ergenekon should be consider as a dark chapter of the Turkish history. 5. Conclusion Turkey, as a successor of the Ottoman Empire, is a republican parliamentary democracy established in 29th October 1923 by Mustafa Kemal. In July 2009 the population of Turkey was estimated 76,8 million. The GPD of Turkey grew between 2002 and 2007 with an average of six percent. Despite the strong economy, the GDP in 2008 grew with zero point nine percent and it was decreased in 2009 with five point nine percent, a thirty-four year record low. The TSK leadership plays a key role in politics and considers itself the guardian of Turkeys secular state. In December 2007 Turkey started, with the help of the European Union and the Council of Europe, the project on Ethics for the Prevention of Corruption in Turkey (TYEC) for a term of two years. The corruption in Turkey is the continuing interference of judicial and military power in Turkish executive and legislative powers. The weakness of the boundaries that divide Turkish powers seems to be confirmed by the Ergenekon trial, which saw mor e than three-hundred personalities involved in conspiracies aimed at weakening the government and possibly leading to a coup detat. The state is not necessarily innocent, and the people convicted of crimes with political repercussions in the past may well be victims of a deep state operation. That is the main lesson Turkey has learned from the current Ergenekon investigation. The Turkish history is full of crime dossiers, either left open or whose closure was disputed. According to Sancar, public control over the legal and political processes is also important to guarantee that the political government does not enter into the mistake of bargaining. It has to be kept in mind that the prime suspects of the Ergenekon organization were already colonels in the army in the run-up to the 1980 coup and that their involvement in these events may have been more than learning a lesson. In Turkey it is already felt that the plans of the Ergenekon terrorist organization is pushing the country in to a period of unrest in order to legitimize a military intervention. The future will hopefully tell us more about the link between Ergenekon and the corruption they caused on the field of economy, in which there is already made important progress. Anyway, Ergenekon can be seen as a network who is extremely powerful. They are powerful because they have, as it is determined by the prosecutors, economical, political and policy advantages. That is why the Elite Cartels syndrome can be linked with Turkey. The fact that the closure of the AK Party failed determines the moderate power of the state and its capacity. However, ErdoÄÅ ¸an points his finger to the economical and political reforms his government made in the recent years and that Ergenekon should be consider as a dark chapter of the Turkish history.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Pride And Prejudice :: essays research papers

English Essay " I hope I never ridicule what is wise or good. Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own, and I laugh at them whenever I can " How does Jane Austen reflect "folly and nonsense" in Pride and Prejudice ? " For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbours, and laugh at them in our turn? Jane Austen , Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen wrote her novels in the style of the Augusten Period, which was a period that emphasised common sense, moderation, reason over emotion, and elegance over brevity. She therefore ridicules those who refuse to stay within the bounds of social behaviour. It is possible to see within each character a certain amount of inconsistency, whether in behaviour ,attitude or manner. In the beginning of the novel Mr.Bingley is described by Jane - " He is just what a young man ought to be," she said, "sensible, good humoured, lively; and I never saw such happy manners!- so much ease with such perfect good breeding!" to which Elizabeth replies in further praise " He is also handsome," replied Elizabeth "which a young man ought likewise to be, if he possibly can. His character is thereby complete" These statements do not reflect the emotion present in statements made about him later in the book - " I begin to feel sorry that he comes at all," said Jane to her sister. "It would be nothing; I could see him with perfect indifference, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . Happy shall I be when his stay at Netherfield is over!" From the above remarks it is clear to see the changing in perception of others, namely Lizzie, and Jane on Mr.Bingley. This change stems from the lack of constancy on Mr.Bingleys part. He lacks a strong character and is like clay, i.e. he is easily moulded by his peers. This can be seen in Mr.Darcey’s letter to Lizzie where he states-"But Mr.Bingley has a great natural modesty, with a stronger dependence on my judgement than on his own.- To convince him, therefore, that he had deceived himself was no very difficult point".. Jane Austen uses Mr.Bingley’s character to fully depict the fickleness and inconsistency of people who lack firm and strong character. This also serves another purpose, by making fun of such characters Ms.Austen can more fully compliment those who have firm morals, character, depth and consistence.